The intriguing book that examines the psychology of the paranormal By Richard Wiseman, Author of Paranormality Source: Daily Mail
Aberfan is a small village in South Wales. In the Sixties, many of those living there worked at a nearby colliery that had been built to exploit the large amount of high-quality coal in the area. Although some of the waste from the mining operation had been stored underground, much of it had been piled on the steep hillsides surrounding the village. Throughout October 1966 , heavy rain lashed down on the area and seeped into the porous sandstone of the hills. Unfortunately, no one realised the water was then flowing into several hidden springs and slowly transforming the pit waste into soft slurry. Just after nine o'clock on the morning of October 21 , the side of the hill subsided and half a million tons of debris started to move rapidly towards the village.
Although some of the material came to a halt on the lower parts of the hill, much of it slid into Aberfan and smashed into the village school. A handful of children were pulled out alive during the first hour or so of the rescue effort, but no other survivors emerged.
In all, 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults lost their lives in the tragedy. Psychiatrist John Barker visited the village the day after the landslide. Barker had a long-standing interest in the paranormal and wondered whether the extreme nature of events in Aberfan might have caused large numbers of people to experience a premonition about the tragedy.
To find out, he arranged for a newspaper to ask any readers who thought they had foreseen the Aberfan disaster to get in touch. He received 60 letters from across England and Wales, with more than half of the respondents claiming their apparent premonition had come to them during a dream. One of the most striking experiences was submitted by the parents of a ten-year-old child who perished in the tragedy.
The day before the landslide their daughter described dreaming about trying to go to school, but said there was 'no school there' because 'something black had come down all over it'. In another example, Mrs MH, a 54- year-old woman from Barnstaple, Devon, said the night before the tragedy she had dreamed that a group of children were trapped in a rectangular room. In her dream, the end of the room was blocked by several wooden bars and the children were trying to climb over the bars. Another respondent, Mrs GE from Sidcup, Kent, said a week before the landslide she dreamed about a group of screaming children being covered by an avalanche of coal. Two months before the tragedy, Mrs SB, from London, dreamed about a school on a hillside, an avalanche and children losing their lives. And so the list went on. Believing you have seen the future in a dream is surprisingly common, with recent surveys suggesting that around a third of the population experience this phenomenon at some point in their lives. Abraham Lincoln reportedly dreamed about an assassination two weeks before being shot dead. Mark Twain described a dream in which he saw his brother's corpse lying in a coffin just a few weeks before he was killed in an explosion. And Charles Dickens dreamed of a woman dressed in red called Miss Napier shortly before being visited by a girl wearing a red shawl and introducing herself as Miss Napier. What could explain these remarkable events? Are people who have prophetic dreams really getting a glimpse of things to come? Is it possible to see tomorrow today? It is only in the past century or so that researchers have managed to solve the puzzle. In the Fifties, pioneering U.S. psychologist Eugene Aserinsky helped pave the way for a new science of dreaming. He showed waking up a person after they have spent some time in the REM state — a physiologically altered state during which there is rapid eye movement and irregular patterns in breathing and heart-rate — is very likely to result in them reporting a dream. The decades of work that followed have yielded many important insights. Almost everyone dreams in colour. Although some dreams are bizarre, many involve everyday chores such as doing the washing-up, filling in tax forms, or vacuuming. If you creep up on someone who is dreaming and quietly play some music, shine a light on their face or spray them with water, they are very likely to incorporate the stimuli into their dreams. However, perhaps the most important revelation of the research was that you have many more dreams than you think. Sleep scientists quickly discovered you have an average of about four dreams each night. They take place every 90 minutes or so, and each one lasts around 20 minutes. You then forget the vast majority of these episodes when you wake up, leaving you with the impression you dream far less than is the case. The only exception to this rule occurs when you happen to wake up during a dream. When this happens, you will usually remember the gist of the dream and perhaps some specific fragments. But, unless it is especially striking, you will soon forget all about it. There is, however, a set of circumstances that can greatly increase your likelihood of remembering these dreams. In a process similar to word association, an event that happens to you when you are awake can trigger the memory. Let's imagine three nights of disturbed dreaming. On day one, you go to bed after a hard day at work. Throughout the night, you drift through the various stages of sleep and experience several dreams. At 7.10 am, your brain once again bursts into action and presents you with another entirely fictitious episode. For the next 20 minutes you find yourself visiting an ice-cream factory and falling into a huge vat of raspberry-ripple. Just when you can take no more, your alarm clock sounds and you wake up with fragments of the factory and raspberry-ripple ice cream drifting through your mind. On day two, you have several dreams. At 2 am you are right in the middle of a rather sinister dream in which you are driving along a dark country lane. Eric Chuggers, your all-time favourite rock star, is in the passenger seat. Suddenly a giant purple frog jumps out in front of the car, you swerve to avoid the frog but go off the road and hit a tree. Back in the real world, you wake up from the dream with a vague memory of Eric Chuggers, a giant purple frog, a tree and impending death. On the third night, at 4 am you experience a rather traumatic dream. It is a surreal affair, with you being forced to audition for the part of an Oompa Loompa in a new film version of Charlie And The Chocolate Factory. In the morning you wake up, turn on the radio and are shocked to discover that Eric Chuggers was killed in a car accident during the night. According to the report, he swerved on a city road to avoid a car that had drifted on to the wrong side of the road, and collided with a lamp-post. Bingo! This news acts as a trigger, and the dream about the car accident jumps into your mind. You forget the raspberry-ripple ice cream, and the stressful Oompa Loompa audition. Instead, you remember the one dream that appears to match events in the real world and so become convinced you may well possess the power of prophecy. And it doesn't stop there. Because dreams tend to be somewhat surreal they have the potential to be twisted to match the events that actually transpired. In reality, Chuggers was not driving along a country lane, did not hit a tree and the accident didn't involve a giant purple frog. However, a country lane is similar to a city road, and a lamp-post looks a bit like a tree. And what about the giant purple frog? Well, maybe it symbolised something unexpected, such as the car that drifted across the road. Or maybe Chuggers's next album was going to have a frog on the cover. Or maybe he was wearing a purple shirt at the time of the collision. Provided you are creative and want to believe that you have a psychic link with the recently deceased Mr Chuggers, the possibilities for matches are limited only by your imagination. You have lots of dreams and encounter lots of events. Most of the time the dreams are unrelated to the events, and you forget about them. However, once in a while one of the dreams will correspond to one of the events. Once this happens, it is suddenly easy to remember the dream and convince yourself it has magically predicted the future. In reality, it is just the laws of probability at work. This theory also helps explain a rather curious feature of pre-cognitive dreaming. Most premonitions involve a great deal of doom and gloom, with people regularly foreseeing the assassination of world leaders, attending the funeral of close friends, seeing planes fall out of the sky, and watching as countries go to war. People rarely report getting a glimpse of the future and seeing someone deliriously happy on their wedding day or being given a promotion at work. Sleep scientists have discovered around 80 per cent of dreams are far from sweet, and instead focus on negative events. Because of this, bad news is far more likely than good news to trigger the memory of a dream, explaining why so many pre-cognitive dreams involve foreseeing death and disaster. Earlier, I described how John Barker found 60 people who appeared to have predicted the Aberfan mining disaster. In 36 of Barker's cases the respondents provided no evidence they had recorded their dream prior to the disaster. These respondents may have had many other dreams before hearing about Aberfan, and then only remembered and reported the one dream that matched the tragedy. Not only that, but the lack of any record made at the time of the dream means they could have inadvertently twisted the dream to better fit events. Vague blackness may have become coal, rooms may have become classrooms, rolling hillsides may have become a Welsh valley.
Edited by: Lawyer Asad
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